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Dysexecutive syndrome
Dysexecutive syndrome (DES) consists of a group of symptoms,〔Halligan, P.W., Kischka, U., & Marshall, J.C. (2004). ''Handbook of clinical neuropsychology.'' Oxford University Press.〕 usually resulting from brain damage, that fall into cognitive, behavioural and emotional categories and tend to occur together. The term was introduced by Alan Baddeley 〔Wilson, B.A., Evans, J.J., Emslie, H., Alderman, N., & Burgess, P. (1998). "The development of an ecologically valid test for assessing patients with a dysexecutive syndrome." ''Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 8'', 213-228.〕〔Baddeley, A., & Wilson, B. (1988). "Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome." ''Brain and Cognition, 7'', 212-230.〕 to describe a common pattern of dysfunction in executive functions, such as planning, abstract thinking, flexibility and behavioural control. It is thought to be Baddeley's hypothesized working memory system and the central executive that are the hypothetical systems impaired in DES.〔 The syndrome was once known as frontal lobe syndrome, however dysexecutive syndrome is preferred because it emphasizes the functional pattern of deficits (the symptoms) over the location of the syndrome in the frontal lobe, which is often not the only area affected.〔〔〔Katz, N., Tadmor, I., Felzen, B., & Hartman-Maeir, A. (2007). "The behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome (BADS) in schizophrenia and its relation to functional outcomes." ''Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 17'', 192-205.〕
Classification code in ICD-10 - F07
==Symptoms==
Symptoms of DES fall into three broad categories: cognitive, emotional and behavioural. Many of the symptoms can be seen as a direct result of impairment to the central executive component of working memory, which is responsible for attentional control and inhibition.〔 Although many of the symptoms regularly co-occur, it is common to encounter patients who have several, but not all symptoms. The accumulated effects of the symptoms have a large impact on daily life.
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